Is the media becoming increasingly violent,
especially with the rise of the torture porn horror subgenre in films such
as 'Saw' and the 'The Human Centipede'? Why is this and what impact does it
have on audiences?
“Sometimes people who are mentally challenged and have a history of
sexual abuse… mutilate their own organs”[1]
This investigation will explore if the media has
become more violent through the years and possibly why and how it may affect
audiences. A hypothesis could be that the media is becoming more violent even
though there are some regulations preventing some levels of violence. As a
society we may be desensitised which leads to an easing of regulations and less
of a moral panic until another controversial film tries to push the boundaries.
Torture porn horror (also known as ‘Gorno’) is defined
as extreme sexualised violence especially to women. According to Director of
'Hostel', Eli Roth, during a FOX News interview, stated that extreme violence
and horror is around and growing because "in times of terror people want
to be terrified but in a safe environment"[2]
Eli Roth gives examples of hurricane Katrina and the war in Iraq, people are
scared and want to scream and let out all their fear and emotion but in a safe
environment where the fear is short lived. Audiences want to feel escapism from
reality and be entertained at the same time, which is what horror films
provide. However, there is the possibility that certain audiences feel
desensitised from current horror films. Tom Six, Director of 'The Human
Centipede', told newspapers and interviewers "Spanish audiences often
found the film funny, and laughed throughout screenings."[3]
Eli Roth did talk about society being scared of wars but we as a society have
seen two world wars, have seen documentaries about torture, and have even
survived through several natural disasters. Therefore it's possible we need
films to push the boundaries to entertain us and that is what created torture
porn as it did push the boundaries and did shock those who were desensitised
and did end up providing entertainment for them and in a sense has rejuvenated
a possible dying horror as I do agree with Tom Six as he tweeted ‘"Attention
all script writers: a villain wearing a mask on a killing spree is fucking
unoriginal and stupid. Kisses on all your pink parts"’ [4].
Tom Six believes that to entertain audiences we need to be original and unique
filmmakers as some films such as Saw V was seen as being “boring”[5]
by many critics and fans, these fans are desensitised and think that these
narratives are too typical.
Within torture porn the typical representation is sexualisation of
women. Stereotypically the protagonist, such as the females in 'The Human
Centipede' or victims such as the many women throughout the 'saw' franchise
e.g. the infamous Amanda (who escaped Jigsaw trap and became an accomplice) or
Dina (the first victim in 'Saw3D'. The women, stereotypically, in torture porn
films are young 'girly girls' with make-up or girly clothing e.g. Dina wore a
pink crop top and bra and wore mascara (like the victims in the human
centipede) and had her hair tied up in a stereotypical schoolgirl pigtails,
this particular female was also an Asian female which links to the
stereotypical and perverted idea of Asian schoolgirls being the sexual fantasy
of many males, this is possibly the deliberate representation of the female to
ensure it draws in a male audience. Horror films also tend to use a
stereotypical “dumb blonde”[6] possible
due to what Perkins believes, some elements of truth may be in the blondes
being dumb stereotype which links to Medhurst’s theory of stereotypes being a
possible short hand to allow quick identification for the audience who can then
either relate and escapism with the character or be entertained by the
stereotypical portrayal of the character. The Asian schoolgirl representation would
usually be seen as potential porn and cause a moral panic. However, in todays
society, porn is part of culture and is widely accepted by many in a positive
way as seen in parts of the programme ‘Porn on the brain’ where journalist and
ex-editor of men’s magazine ‘Loaded’, Martin Daubney, spoke to his father and
they both agreed on how Martin “turned out just fine”[7] when
stumbling across porn magazines at a young age which stereotypically sexualised
women and to go against porn is likely going to label you as “anti-sex”[8]. On the
other hand, males in many torture porn horror films commonly are tortured less
or in a more dominant position than female characters. E.g. in ‘the human
centipede’ the head of the centipede (the more ‘preferred’ position of the
centipede) was a male, who still had the ability to talk and eat human food and
had dominant control of where move the whole centipede while the other two
parts of the centipede were females who lost their ability to speak, to move
freely and were surviving through the digestion of the males excrement of his
food. The male also had his body parts covered while the females had their
torso exposed. Which again leads to a sexualised representation of females,
they are generally seen
as being a “piece of meat”[9],
this reinforces modern day stereotypes which some feminist say reminds them
“how this world value[s] women”[10].
Torture porn horror had “rejuvenated”[11] the
horror genre and has in the last decade started to reel back in some of the
desensitised audiences as it provides a new sense of entertainment according to
Blumler and Katz. However, Angie Barry did state that ‘Saw torture porn’[12]
rejuvenated the genre last decade. This decade is more about going back to the
“basics”[13]
of horror. This therefore suggests that the genre of torture porn is already a
trend that has passed, it suggests that we’re already desensitised by torture
porn and need something more to rejuvenate the horror genre, possibly the rise
of a new subgenre more horrific than torture porn.
Torture porn horror tends to have very unique narratives and gruesome
death scenes to provide entertainment for some of the “sick, twisted torture
fanatics”[14]
and through the narrative audiences tend to be scared at the same time and
escape into the film and feel sutured into scenes where they feel as if they
are in as bad of a position as the victims of the film and therefore end up
screaming and looking away. Some examples of this can be seen in the film 'Grotesque'
the scene where a male and female are both strapped to a table while a man
chainsaws through their fingers is shown more during the females torture than
the males and is done more slowly to the female. The sexualisation of
women and making the films seem more pornographic than typical horror films is
usually because the main target audiences are males over the age of 18.
Therefore the pornographic materials sole purpose is to “stimulate the viewer’s
particular desires”.[15]
There are many negative effects on audiences especially of unstable
minds or of young age who could end up mimicking the actions portrayed on screen
and end up performing some of the violence to their friends, family or even
members of the public to feel a sense of entertainment. Therefore leading to
the copycat theory being a possible effect on audiences. An experiment, which
is known as the Bobo doll experiment, shows the effect of onscreen violence on
young children. Children exposed to the violence showed similar “aggressive
responses”[16]
that were shown in the video. This could also link to Gerbner’s theory, which states
that there is a cause-effect relationship between the violence we see onscreen
and real-life violence. Some feminist sociologists such as Dworkin and Morgan suggest
“there is a strong relationship between the consumption of pornography and
sexual crimes”[17].
Some scenes within films such as ‘The Human Centipede’ where women are stripped
down to nothing and linked together in a human centipede to satisfy the fetish
of the “very sick mind”[18] of the
villain. Even though the genre isn’t aimed at young audiences (audiences below
the age of 18) there are still ways for children to get a hold of this content
through poor parenting or easy access to the internet. The Internet is
difficult to control and has billions of explicit content freely available to
anyone which links to Newson. Newson believes that explicit images are too easy
to find and “encouraged viewers to identify with violent perpetrators rather
than victims.”[19]
Which may lead to rises in crimes. The hypodermic needle suggests that young
minds, impressionable minds and unstable minds that may view this explicit
content may end up finding it socially acceptable to do what the media
portrays, which relates heavily to the works of McCabe and Martin who believe
that in some social situations audiences may end up replacing normal rules with
violence they view, for example instead of negotiating and debating they’ll act
violently.
Other possible effects on audiences may actually be positive instead of
negative. Similar to what director Eli Roth of Hostel said, Fesbach and Sanger
believed that screen violence allows the audience to “release aggressive energy
into safe outlets”[20] and
against Newson, Dworkin and Morgan is Young’s theory which argues that the
effects of violence being portrayed on screen can allow the audiences and
potential criminals to feel sympathy for the victims and their families and
therefore lead to sensitisation of certain crimes due to violent torture porn
films making people more aware and responsible for their actions and evidently
lead to a reduction in crime.
Even though Young’s theory is possible, In 2012 a report was produced
stating a rise in prosecutions and convictions for violence against women. This
figure has “risen by 15,000 over four years.”[21] Which
suggests that it’s possible that with the recent rise in torture porn horror
such as ‘The human centipede’, ‘Hostel’ and Saw’ there is a possible
correlation. The more popular the genre has become the more crimes against
women have risen. Therefore it’s possible that torture porn horror is creating
a much more violent and sadistic society who are becoming more desensitised and
committing sexual crimes. However, we live in a society where there is always
real life horror, there is always violence being committed across the world,
including terrorist attacks, violence on women, serial killers etc. Violence
surrounds us daily on the news with murders, potential bombings and attacks. In
horror films there has always been violence, “violence in horror films isn’t
new to society, it already exists within society.”[22] Therefore
torture porn horror may not be the reason to increases of violence against
women. “Violence depicted in films is done to shock us. It would be hard to
believe that the viewers would want to commit acts like that themselves.”[23]
Before torture porn existed there was a sub-genre known as “ultra violence”[24] which was
created due to the film ‘A Clockwork Orange’ which at the time contained
sadistic violence that wasn’t common to the horror genre, similar to what’s happening
to the human centipede. There are several scenes, which contain sadistic
violence and sexualisation of women. One scene in specific that was when the
main character, Alex, and his gang perform a home invasion and destroy the
house, beat the male and tie him up and then fondle his wife; cutting and ripping
her clothes while singing. Alex forces the tied up male to watch as he performs
a sex act on his wife. Even though the audiences are unable to see Alex raping
the woman they are disturbed by “the amount of sadistic glee Alex gets from
it.”[25] He is
enjoying the rape of a woman and sings while he degrades her. Another
historical and controversial film was psycho, which has been re-rated several
times over the years from PG, to PG13 and 15.
It was seen as being quite revealing with the shower scene even though
the camera shots gave the illusion of the character being naked when she never
really was during filming. This scene led to Janet Leigh receiving “grotesque”[26] sexual
letters. Some audience members were also scared of the shower scene, one father
wrote to Hitchcock stating that his daughter “refused to shower after seeing
this film.”[27].
It seems that more rules and regulations are being put in place as films become
more violent, leading to changes in ratings of films prior to those now.
Recently The BBFC had to “tighten its policy”[28] recently due to 'The Human Centipede', cuts are also now needed for certain films to be allowed to be shown to an audience e.g. the Human Centipede 2 had to have “32 cuts”[29] to it before it was unbanned from the U.K. The BBFC are created “in order to protect children from unsuitable and harmful content in films and videos.”[30] And state “this independent scrutiny prior to release ensures the highest possible level of protection and empowerment.”[31] David Cameron is attempting to keep the TV 9pm watershed “clean”[32] but he is “fighting a losing battle”[33] due to popular reality tv shows and talent shows such as x-factor and big brother promoting “sexualised routines”[34] alongside this David Cameron is also promoting an idea to Internet service providers (ISPs) to ban explicit content online, which is “welcomed by women’s groups and academics who had campaigned to have ‘rape porn banned.’”[35]
Recently The BBFC had to “tighten its policy”[28] recently due to 'The Human Centipede', cuts are also now needed for certain films to be allowed to be shown to an audience e.g. the Human Centipede 2 had to have “32 cuts”[29] to it before it was unbanned from the U.K. The BBFC are created “in order to protect children from unsuitable and harmful content in films and videos.”[30] And state “this independent scrutiny prior to release ensures the highest possible level of protection and empowerment.”[31] David Cameron is attempting to keep the TV 9pm watershed “clean”[32] but he is “fighting a losing battle”[33] due to popular reality tv shows and talent shows such as x-factor and big brother promoting “sexualised routines”[34] alongside this David Cameron is also promoting an idea to Internet service providers (ISPs) to ban explicit content online, which is “welcomed by women’s groups and academics who had campaigned to have ‘rape porn banned.’”[35]
To conclude, “Horror is not about cheap scares, creaking doors, horror is about a
pervasive, life- denying, sickening atmosphere, horror is pure misanthropy, an
utter negativity that is alien to petty, human existence.”[36]
The media has become more violent with the rise
of torture porn, it has become a mainstream horror sub-genre and therefore has
affected a large majority of the audiences however it’s impossible to state
that a rise in sexual crime is due to the torture porn sub-genre because it
portrays the same conventions of horror and violence which has been around for
years. We as a society have lived through pain and horror as Eli Roth states
and eventually become desensitised by horror, which possibly creates the need
for more violent films which in turn creates more strict policies that lead to
the re-rating of previous films in history and affect new explicit films. But
with the internet even ISP policies cannot prevent torture porn being seen,
piracy, hacks and protest against these can occur. Also due to the Internet, we
are unable to control the billions of data being uploaded daily, which prevents
things such as the 9pm watershed from working as “the watershed only applies to
television.”[37]
It’s therefore possible to assume that the watershed no longer exists due to
the rise of the Internet, catch up TV and UGC. There have been some attempts on
creating a watershed for the Internet by David Cameron but many people
including Mic Wright believes “people this stupid should not be making our
laws.”[38]
Word Count:
2151 words (without quotes and title)
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- "You think you know the story ... icons of horror
in The Cabin in the Woods ." Media Magazine: Images and Icons, Horror
Sep. 2012. Print.
[1] Human
Centipede 2 (Full Sequence). Dir. Tom Six. Perf. Laurence R. Harvey,
Ashlynn Yennie. Bounty Films, 2011. Film.
[2]
Neil Cavuto, Eli Roth Fox News 07 Interview, 0:51-0:55
[3] Berge Garabedian, Sitges 09 Interview,
3:55-4:30
[4]
Tom Six Twitter Page https://twitter.com/tom_six
[5] Aston,
James. "Introduction." To see the Saw movies essays on torture porn
and post-9/11 horror. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.,
Publishers, 2013. 3. Print.
[6] Representation of Women in Horror
Films http://screampsychohorror.wordpress.com/representation-of-women-in-horror-films/
[7] Martin Daubney, ‘Porn on the brain’,
Channel 4 documentary
[8]
Gail Dines, ‘Pornland: How porn has hijacked our sexuality’ page 1:Preface
[9] Kira Cochrane, “Kira Cochrane on the
rise of ‘torture porn’”, The Guardian article http://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/may/01/gender.world
[10]
Abi, “EverydayMediaSexism.org.uk”
[11]
Angie Barry, “The cabin in the woods: Best horror movie in a decade?” http://www.criminalelement.com/blogs/2012/10/cabin-in-the-woods-the-best-horror-movie-in-a-decade-angie-barry-thriller-zombies-joss-whedon-film
[12]
Ibid
[13] Ibid
[14]
Sam Hatch, “Hostel part II review”, culture dogs, http://www.wwuh.org/program/culturedogs/reviews/sam
reviews/hostelpartii.htm
[15] Ibid
[16]
McLeod, S. A. (2011). Bobo Doll Experiment. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html
[17]
Revision World post. http://revisionworld.co.uk/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-and-society
[18]R.L.
Shaffer “The human Centipede [First Sequence] DVD Review, IGN. http://uk.ign.com/articles/2010/10/07/the-human-centipede-first-sequence-dvd-review
[20] Ibid
[21]
June Kelly, “Rise in convictions for violence against women” BBC News, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18949533
[22]
Lamar, “Effects of violence in horror films past and present” original quote by
(Allen 2009) http://lamar82.hubpages.com/hub/Effects-of-Violence-In-Horror-Films-Past-and-Present
[23] Ibid
[24]
Clare Simpson, “10 film scenes of astounding ultra violence”, whatculture.com
blog post. http://whatculture.com/film/10-film-scenes-of-astounding-ultra-violence.php/10
[25]
Ibid
[26]
IMDB, Psycho (1960) Trivia http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054215/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv
[27] Ibid
[29]
BBC News, ‘banned horror film gets 18 rating after cuts’ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-15203870
[31] Ibid
[32]
Mark Lawson, “The TV watershed: not in front of the children”, Guardian Article
http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jun/08/tv-watershed-not-for-children?INTCMP=SRCH
[33] Ibid
[34] Ibid
[35] Hawkins,
Ross. "Online pornography to be blocked by default, PM announces." BBC
News. BBC, 22 July 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23401076.
[36]Glyptoteque,
IMDB User Review of ‘The Human Centipede’ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1467304/reviews-156
[37]
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/broadcast-codes/broadcast-code/protecting-under-18s/
[38]
Mic Wright. “A ‘watershed’ for the internet? People this stupid should not be
making our laws.” http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/micwright/100009434/a-watershed-for-the-internet-people-this-stupid-should-not-be-making-our-laws/
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