Group targets

1. Publish group targets from last week
2. List 5 ideas for own trailer after each analysis
3. Complete progress reports from last week
4. Images of location spotting
5. Consider a one-word title
6. Complete storyboard
7. Write voice-over
8. Shot list
9. Script
10. Upload all work (eg brainstorms) for all blogs
11. Shooting next monday

Progress Report

Done some analysis on ill manors trailer and created the visual storyboard as well as doing a shining gold text edit for the title which will be improved and also got a post from Kiran "Location of shots" which i'll be adding to

Targets for this week is to add to the location of shots and analysis The wolf of wall street and finish the storyboard

Group Targets

1. Progress report
2. Upload brainstorms with explanations
3. Analyse  and explain all posts
4. Film trailer analysis, each member x2- list key conventions and ideas
5. Storyboard, script, shot list

Title "shining text" effect on gold-like writing

Video Storyboard test

This is just a little test to map out where certain shots are. Of course there will be more shots and will be  more shorter, this is just as a guideline

ill manors trailer analysis

1) What are the typical codes and conventions of film trailers - what information is usually provided? Information that is provided within any trailer is usually a long or short montange of clips, music and text. For example, for the Ill Manors trailer, rhetorical questions were asked in order to get the audience to think individually to themselves and to build up on the enigma, lots of different situations were shown to engage the audience and to every individual sitting watching the trailer.

2) How are trailers distributed?
They are distributed in various ways, they are usually seen in cinema previews when a film with a similar genre or narrative is being shown. Other ways would be over the internet on sites such as YouTube in videos and also on adverts in the sidebars and before a video is being shown and finally another way is through word of mouth over social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter.

3) How does Ill Manors use trailer conventions?
The Ill Manors trailer uses trailer conventions such as direct mode of address of asking the audience questions through the text through every few shots of a complete montage. This automatically gets the viewer(s) to think about the question whether they are as a group or individually in their minds.

4) Who is the target audience?
The target audience for ill Manors would be young teenagers above the ages of 16, younger teens may be interested in gang culture and may therefore watch the trailer and the movie. This movie would also attract teenagers from a poorer background in the U.K. (due to it being based in London) and most likely aspirers and teenagers who want to feel a sense of identity with the characters.

5) Does it have a unique selling point or use particular techniques to appeal to the audience?

The fact it's a U.K. based film and showing relatable locations it allows audiences to identify and the film isn't afraid to challenge and show grim themes of drugs, sex and violence which is a USP. Another relatable thing is the stereotypical characters which are (according to Medhurst) a shorthand so the audience can easily identify and relate to the characters in the film and trailer.

6) Consider the way the scenes are edited together – does the trailer give away any clues about the narrative?
Trailers usually tend to give part of the film away so that the audience get a taster of what the narrative may be but they also leave in a few unanswered questions to draw the audience. For this trailer, there is a mix of both, showing clues within the voices of the characters as they say certain dialogues put into a montage moving very fast showing different point of views of many characters.

7) Are the main stars visible in the trailer?
Yes

8) Is there information about the director of the film?
Not in the trailer

9) Is there information about the release date? 
No

10) Is a narrator’s voice-over used? 
No

11) How has the genre of the film been represented through characters, settings, lighting, colour, music, camera shots/movements/angles and editing?
Stereotypical characters, they are prostitutes, drug addicts, drug dealers etc which are typical themes within the genre. The setting is also stereotypical e.g. jail, London streets, council estates etc. Lighting is quite dark and low-key, music is stereotypically rap/hip hop.

Things we could use in our trailer

- Possibly use rhetorical questions in the voiceover/dialogue 
- Add in some stereotypical characters and not just partially stereotypical 
- Possibly use some relatable locations
- The lighting and colours used
- The layout of the trailer including the transitions used at which points of the trailer

Progress report: Week Starting 20th Jan

I've worked with the group to create brainstorms, create a name, what our production idea is and researched briefly some films similar to what we're going to create and I've also decided with Kiran on using Druggy and hoes as one of the songs for the production and she agreed as it was a song she found and then I put forward possibly using the beat from the song Animal.

What I'm now going to do is research editing techniques, attempt some, create a visual storyboard, research a film and analyse a trailer and will also continue the drawing of the actual storyboard

Songs to use

Druggies with hoes we choose because of the lyrics and beat as well as genre, genre matches the "gangster" conventions in the film and the lyrics speak of drugs, sex and violence as well as sexualisation of women.

This song is recently become a popular song created by 16 year old Martin Garrix who creates party/house music. We wanted to show a more wild and party side of the character which the drop on this song will help provide. The drop will be looped over and is the only part of the song we'll use. 

Films/shows similar to ours

Adulthood

Kidulthood

4.3.2.1

ill Manors

Green Street

Shank

Broken

Fish Tank

This is England

The Wolf Of Wall Street

Top Boy (TV show)

The above films (apart from the wolf of wall street) are all U.K. based films featuring violence, gangs, weapons, drugs etc. which are the conventions of british gang films which is what we wanted to do. However, we wanted a high profile sort of gangster and decided to do a corrupt businessman which we struggled to find a british based film on and instead found "the wolf of wall street"which portrayed a similar sort of storyline we wanted but of course more drug related corruption instead of corruption through shareholders. We wanted the class and style of "The wolf of wall street" and the violence, sexism and drugs as the british shows and films have

Brainstorm, ideas and name of production

                                                 

Brainstorm of how we might link our productions and what we could do.

We did at first decide to pick a rap music video but then thought it'll be quite challenging and difficult to do in the time we have and trying to perfect it. We also haven't tried such a production and therefore didn't feel comfortable to attempt it.

TV drama opening we have already done last year and found that we'd prefer something not too easy and comfortable but slightly challenging.

Documentary was something we thought wouldn't be too challenging and possibly quite boring and potentially long.

Movie opening is similar to the TV drama opening.

Film trailer easy to link critical investigation and was challenging but not too challenging and is similar to last years production of the opening but of course isn't following something so simple of what could potentially be recorded in more places.

This is a brainstorm of the potential shots we might be using in the film trailer.

We realised we didn't have a name and therefore brainstormed names and came out with "Millionaire thoughts: Money Bag Edition"

Production idea

Idea

Film trailer based in the streets of London, maybe at night (some), with a complex yet realistic story of how a variety of characters meet in London using two songs and an over voice. The songs will be one house music song and one hip hop rap song. The street life and rap music is to refer and link to Kiran's Critical Investigation. The trailer will involve violence, sexism, love, weaponry, toxic substances (Drugs & Alcohol), corruption, confusion, mystery, thriller. At the moment the Asian characters will be used to link to Saira's Critical Investigation. Violence relates to Akshay's Critical Investigation and sexism relates to Simran's Critical Investigation. Ending with Sabin smoking in the bathtub and then the camera would move over him and allow him to say something to end the clip for example a line about if it is this legal.

Group

Me

Kiran R

Simran 

Saira

(plus actor Sabin)

Kiran, Simran and Sabin were members of the production last year which did start off quite difficult but it did progress and the actors and actresses have had more confidence working in front of these particular people and therefore are more likely to be easier to work with instead of finding new people to act.

Links to my critical investigation

- Violence

- Sexual references

- Representation of men vs women

Elements I've learnt from my essay

- Women are usually more 'sexualised' 

- Women are usually more in longer death scenes (if they die)

- Violence when occurring is quite straight to it and not censored much

- Violence has always been there. We live in horror.

Target Audience

Socio-economic classes: Possibly C/D/E

Psychographics: Followers and Aspirers

Uses and Gratifications: Entertainment -> narrative, Escapism -> Aspire to become big and therefore want to escape their current lifestyle, Relate -> Audiences relate to characters and their actions as well as the location

Teenage adolescents, in college or university, possibly lower economically developed areas, psycho-graphics of followers and aspirers, socio-economic class of C, D, E. Users and gratifications; viewers may identify with the characters portrayed as they will be able to relate to the people and places, they'll also be entertained and feel a source of escapism from their reality and every day lives. The substances used can also help them relate as many teenagers and young adults are experiencing being drunk or the effects of smoking as they have started to use the substances at this age. Similar audiences from films such as Broken, Adulthood, Kiduthood, TV Series Top Boy.

It would appear in cinemas but also possibly be advertised on channel 4. Due to shows such as Top Boy or films being shown on there such as kidulthood and adulthood they follow a similar vibe/theme to our production through location, narrative and characters.

Genre Conventions

- Blood

- Violence

- Drugs

- Guns

- Hoodies/suits

- Council flats

- Gangs

- Sexual references

- Money (blood money)

- Gang wars

Critical Investigation Draft 1

Is the media becoming increasingly violent, especially with the rise of the torture porn horror subgenre in films such as 'Saw' and the 'The Human Centipede'? Why is this and what impact does it have on audiences?

“Sometimes people who are mentally challenged and have a history of sexual abuse… mutilate their own organs”[1]

This investigation will explore if the media has become more violent through the years and possibly why and how it may affect audiences. A hypothesis could be that the media is becoming more violent even though there are some regulations preventing some levels of violence. As a society we may be desensitised which leads to an easing of regulations and less of a moral panic until another controversial film tries to push the boundaries.

Torture porn horror (also known as ‘Gorno’) is defined as extreme sexualised violence especially to women. According to Director of 'Hostel', Eli Roth, during a FOX News interview, stated that extreme violence and horror is around and growing because "in times of terror people want to be terrified but in a safe environment"[2] Eli Roth gives examples of hurricane Katrina and the war in Iraq, people are scared and want to scream and let out all their fear and emotion but in a safe environment where the fear is short lived. Audiences want to feel escapism from reality and be entertained at the same time, which is what horror films provide. However, there is the possibility that certain audiences feel desensitised from current horror films. Tom Six, Director of 'The Human Centipede', told newspapers and interviewers "Spanish audiences often found the film funny, and laughed throughout screenings."[3] Eli Roth did talk about society being scared of wars but we as a society have seen two world wars, have seen documentaries about torture, and have even survived through several natural disasters. Therefore it's possible we need films to push the boundaries to entertain us and that is what created torture porn as it did push the boundaries and did shock those who were desensitised and did end up providing entertainment for them and in a sense has rejuvenated a possible dying horror as I do agree with Tom Six as he tweeted ‘"Attention all script writers: a villain wearing a mask on a killing spree is fucking unoriginal and stupid. Kisses on all your pink parts"’ [4]. Tom Six believes that to entertain audiences we need to be original and unique filmmakers as some films such as Saw V was seen as being “boring”[5] by many critics and fans, these fans are desensitised and think that these narratives are too typical.

Within torture porn the typical representation is sexualisation of women. Stereotypically the protagonist, such as the females in 'The Human Centipede' or victims such as the many women throughout the 'saw' franchise e.g. the infamous Amanda (who escaped Jigsaw trap and became an accomplice) or Dina (the first victim in 'Saw3D'. The women, stereotypically, in torture porn films are young 'girly girls' with make-up or girly clothing e.g. Dina wore a pink crop top and bra and wore mascara (like the victims in the human centipede) and had her hair tied up in a stereotypical schoolgirl pigtails, this particular female was also an Asian female which links to the stereotypical and perverted idea of Asian schoolgirls being the sexual fantasy of many males, this is possibly the deliberate representation of the female to ensure it draws in a male audience. Horror films also tend to use a stereotypical “dumb blonde”[6] possible due to what Perkins believes, some elements of truth may be in the blondes being dumb stereotype which links to Medhurst’s theory of stereotypes being a possible short hand to allow quick identification for the audience who can then either relate and escapism with the character or be entertained by the stereotypical portrayal of the character. The Asian schoolgirl representation would usually be seen as potential porn and cause a moral panic. However, in todays society, porn is part of culture and is widely accepted by many in a positive way as seen in parts of the programme ‘Porn on the brain’ where journalist and ex-editor of men’s magazine ‘Loaded’, Martin Daubney, spoke to his father and they both agreed on how Martin “turned out just fine”[7] when stumbling across porn magazines at a young age which stereotypically sexualised women and to go against porn is likely going to label you as “anti-sex”[8]. On the other hand, males in many torture porn horror films commonly are tortured less or in a more dominant position than female characters. E.g. in ‘the human centipede’ the head of the centipede (the more ‘preferred’ position of the centipede) was a male, who still had the ability to talk and eat human food and had dominant control of where move the whole centipede while the other two parts of the centipede were females who lost their ability to speak, to move freely and were surviving through the digestion of the males excrement of his food. The male also had his body parts covered while the females had their torso exposed. Which again leads to a sexualised representation of females, they are generally seen as being a “piece of meat”[9], this reinforces modern day stereotypes which some feminist say reminds them “how this world value[s] women”[10].

Torture porn horror had “rejuvenated”[11] the horror genre and has in the last decade started to reel back in some of the desensitised audiences as it provides a new sense of entertainment according to Blumler and Katz. However, Angie Barry did state that ‘Saw torture porn’[12] rejuvenated the genre last decade. This decade is more about going back to the “basics”[13] of horror. This therefore suggests that the genre of torture porn is already a trend that has passed, it suggests that we’re already desensitised by torture porn and need something more to rejuvenate the horror genre, possibly the rise of a new subgenre more horrific than torture porn.

Torture porn horror tends to have very unique narratives and gruesome death scenes to provide entertainment for some of the “sick, twisted torture fanatics”[14] and through the narrative audiences tend to be scared at the same time and escape into the film and feel sutured into scenes where they feel as if they are in as bad of a position as the victims of the film and therefore end up screaming and looking away. Some examples of this can be seen in the film 'Grotesque' the scene where a male and female are both strapped to a table while a man chainsaws through their fingers is shown more during the females torture than the males and is done more slowly to the female.  The sexualisation of women and making the films seem more pornographic than typical horror films is usually because the main target audiences are males over the age of 18. Therefore the pornographic materials sole purpose is to “stimulate the viewer’s particular desires”.[15]

There are many negative effects on audiences especially of unstable minds or of young age who could end up mimicking the actions portrayed on screen and end up performing some of the violence to their friends, family or even members of the public to feel a sense of entertainment. Therefore leading to the copycat theory being a possible effect on audiences. An experiment, which is known as the Bobo doll experiment, shows the effect of onscreen violence on young children. Children exposed to the violence showed similar “aggressive responses”[16] that were shown in the video. This could also link to Gerbner’s theory, which states that there is a cause-effect relationship between the violence we see onscreen and real-life violence. Some feminist sociologists such as Dworkin and Morgan suggest “there is a strong relationship between the consumption of pornography and sexual crimes”[17]. Some scenes within films such as ‘The Human Centipede’ where women are stripped down to nothing and linked together in a human centipede to satisfy the fetish of the “very sick mind”[18] of the villain. Even though the genre isn’t aimed at young audiences (audiences below the age of 18) there are still ways for children to get a hold of this content through poor parenting or easy access to the internet. The Internet is difficult to control and has billions of explicit content freely available to anyone which links to Newson. Newson believes that explicit images are too easy to find and “encouraged viewers to identify with violent perpetrators rather than victims.”[19] Which may lead to rises in crimes. The hypodermic needle suggests that young minds, impressionable minds and unstable minds that may view this explicit content may end up finding it socially acceptable to do what the media portrays, which relates heavily to the works of McCabe and Martin who believe that in some social situations audiences may end up replacing normal rules with violence they view, for example instead of negotiating and debating they’ll act violently.

Other possible effects on audiences may actually be positive instead of negative. Similar to what director Eli Roth of Hostel said, Fesbach and Sanger believed that screen violence allows the audience to “release aggressive energy into safe outlets”[20] and against Newson, Dworkin and Morgan is Young’s theory which argues that the effects of violence being portrayed on screen can allow the audiences and potential criminals to feel sympathy for the victims and their families and therefore lead to sensitisation of certain crimes due to violent torture porn films making people more aware and responsible for their actions and evidently lead to a reduction in crime.

Even though Young’s theory is possible, In 2012 a report was produced stating a rise in prosecutions and convictions for violence against women. This figure has “risen by 15,000 over four years.”[21] Which suggests that it’s possible that with the recent rise in torture porn horror such as ‘The human centipede’, ‘Hostel’ and Saw’ there is a possible correlation. The more popular the genre has become the more crimes against women have risen. Therefore it’s possible that torture porn horror is creating a much more violent and sadistic society who are becoming more desensitised and committing sexual crimes. However, we live in a society where there is always real life horror, there is always violence being committed across the world, including terrorist attacks, violence on women, serial killers etc. Violence surrounds us daily on the news with murders, potential bombings and attacks. In horror films there has always been violence, “violence in horror films isn’t new to society, it already exists within society.”[22] Therefore torture porn horror may not be the reason to increases of violence against women. “Violence depicted in films is done to shock us. It would be hard to believe that the viewers would want to commit acts like that themselves.”[23]  

Before torture porn existed there was a sub-genre known as  “ultra violence”[24] which was created due to the film ‘A Clockwork Orange’ which at the time contained sadistic violence that wasn’t common to the horror genre, similar to what’s happening to the human centipede. There are several scenes, which contain sadistic violence and sexualisation of women. One scene in specific that was when the main character, Alex, and his gang perform a home invasion and destroy the house, beat the male and tie him up and then fondle his wife; cutting and ripping her clothes while singing. Alex forces the tied up male to watch as he performs a sex act on his wife. Even though the audiences are unable to see Alex raping the woman they are disturbed by “the amount of sadistic glee Alex gets from it.”[25] He is enjoying the rape of a woman and sings while he degrades her. Another historical and controversial film was psycho, which has been re-rated several times over the years from PG, to PG13 and 15.  It was seen as being quite revealing with the shower scene even though the camera shots gave the illusion of the character being naked when she never really was during filming. This scene led to Janet Leigh receiving “grotesque”[26] sexual letters. Some audience members were also scared of the shower scene, one father wrote to Hitchcock stating that his daughter “refused to shower after seeing this film.”[27]. It seems that more rules and regulations are being put in place as films become more violent, leading to changes in ratings of films prior to those now. 

Recently The BBFC had to “tighten its policy”[28] recently due to 'The Human Centipede', cuts are also now needed for certain films to be allowed to be shown to an audience e.g. the Human Centipede 2 had to have “32 cuts”[29] to it before it was unbanned from the U.K. The BBFC are created “in order to protect children from unsuitable and harmful content in films and videos.”[30] And state “this independent scrutiny prior to release ensures the highest possible level of protection and empowerment.”[31] David Cameron is attempting to keep the TV 9pm watershed “clean”[32] but he is “fighting a losing battle”[33] due to popular reality tv shows and talent shows such as x-factor and big brother promoting “sexualised routines”[34] alongside this David Cameron is also promoting an idea to Internet service providers (ISPs) to ban explicit content online, which is “welcomed by women’s groups and academics who had campaigned to have ‘rape porn banned.’”[35]

To conclude, “Horror is not about cheap scares, creaking doors, horror is about a pervasive, life- denying, sickening atmosphere, horror is pure misanthropy, an utter negativity that is alien to petty, human existence.”[36] The media has become more violent with the rise of torture porn, it has become a mainstream horror sub-genre and therefore has affected a large majority of the audiences however it’s impossible to state that a rise in sexual crime is due to the torture porn sub-genre because it portrays the same conventions of horror and violence which has been around for years. We as a society have lived through pain and horror as Eli Roth states and eventually become desensitised by horror, which possibly creates the need for more violent films which in turn creates more strict policies that lead to the re-rating of previous films in history and affect new explicit films. But with the internet even ISP policies cannot prevent torture porn being seen, piracy, hacks and protest against these can occur. Also due to the Internet, we are unable to control the billions of data being uploaded daily, which prevents things such as the 9pm watershed from working as “the watershed only applies to television.”[37] It’s therefore possible to assume that the watershed no longer exists due to the rise of the Internet, catch up TV and UGC. There have been some attempts on creating a watershed for the Internet by David Cameron but many people including Mic Wright believes “people this stupid should not be making our laws.”[38]

Word Count:

2151 words (without quotes and title)

Works Cited

Moving Image

-       Roth, Eli. "Despite Iraq and terrorism horror films make big bucks." Your World w/ Cavuto. Fox. WXXA, New York: 8 Feb. 2007. Television.

-       Porn on the brain. Daubney, Martin. Channel 4. 30 Sept. 2013. Television.

-       Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence). Dir. Tom Six. Perf. Laurence R. Harvey, Ashlynn Yennie. Bounty Films, 2011. Film.

Internet

-       Six, Tom. Interview by Berge Garabedian. Personal interview. 11 Oct. 2009.

-       Abi. "2013-11-25-20-14-33." 2013-11-25-20-14-33. Everyday Media Sexism, n.d.Web.6Jan.2014. <http://www.everydaymediasexism.org.uk/index.php/669-2013-11-25-20-14-33>.

-       Anderson, Craig, and Brad Bushman. "The Effects of Media Violence on Society." Umich Edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bbushman/02AB2.PDF>.

-       "Banned horror film gets 18 rating after cuts." BBC News. BBC, 10 June 2011. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-15203870>.

-       Barry, Angie. "The Cabin in the Woods: Best Horror Movie in a Decade?." The Cabin in the Woods: Best Horror Movie in a Decade?. Criminal Element, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.criminalelement.com/blogs/2012/10/cabin-in-the-woods-the-best-horror-movie-in-a-decade-angie-barry-thriller-zombies-joss-whedon-film>.

-       "Bobo Doll Experiment." Simply Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html>.

-       Cochrane, Kira. "For your entertainment." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 1 May 2007. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/may/01/gender.world>.

-       "Effects of Violence In Horror Films Past and Present." HubPages. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://lamar82.hubpages.com/hub/Effects-of-Violence-In-Horror-Films-Past-and-Present>.

-       Hatch, Sam. "Culture Dogs - Sam Hatch's Hostel Part II Review." Culture Dogs - Sam Hatch's Hostel Part II Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.wwuh.org/program/culturedogs/reviews/sam reviews/hostelpartii.htm>.

-       Hawkins, Ross. "Online pornography to be blocked by default, PM announces." BBC News. BBC, 22 July 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23401076>.

-       "How does classification work?." British Board of Film Classification. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/how-does-classification-work>.

-       Kelly, June. "Rise in convictions for violence against women." BBC News. BBC, 23 July 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18949533>.

-       Lawson, Mark. "The TV watershed: not in front of the children." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 8 June 2011. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jun/08/tv-watershed-not-for-children?INTCMP=SRCH>.

-       "No hope, no happy ending. Horror as it should be!!." IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1467304/reviews-156>.

-       "Section One: Protecting the Under-Eighteens." Ofcom. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/broadcast-codes/broadcast-code/protecting-under-18s/>.

-       Shaffer, R.L. "The Human Centipede [First Sequence] DVD Review." IGN. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://uk.ign.com/articles/2010/10/07/the-human-centipede-first-sequence-dvd-review>.

-       Simpson, Clare. "10 Film Scenes Of Astounding Ultra Violence." WhatCulture RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://whatculture.com/film/10-film-scenes-of-astounding-ultra-violence.php/10>.

-       Six, Tom. "Attention all script writers: a villain wearing a mask on a killing spree is fucking unoriginal and stupid. Kisses on all your pink parts." Twitter. Twitter, 14 July 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <https://twitter.com/tom_six/status/356351281234837505>.

-       "The effect of media content on audiences and society." Revision World. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://revisionworld.co.uk/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-and-society>.

-       "Trivia [Psycho]." IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054215/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv>.

-       "UK film censor to get tougher with 'torture porn' movies." The Week UK. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.theweek.co.uk/film/50537/uk-film-censor-get-tougher-torture-porn-movies>.

-       Wright, Mic. "A 'watershed' for the internet? People this stupid should not be making our laws." Technology  A watershed for the internet People this stupid should not be making our laws Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/micwright/100009434/a-watershed-for-the-internet-people-this-stupid-should-not-be-making-our-laws/>.

Academic/Books/magazines

-       Aston, James, and John Walliss. To see the Saw movies essays on torture porn and post-9/11 horror. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2013. Print.

-       Dines, Gail. "Preface." Pornland: how porn has hijacked our sexuality. Boston: Beacon Press, 2010. 1-3. Print.

Works Consulted

Moving Image

Internet

-       Bajaj, Akshay, and Harvey Shergill. "Misé En Media." Important audience and narrative theories. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://miseenmedia.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/important-audience-and-narrative.html>.

-       Brown, Todd. "THE HUMAN CENTIPEDE: FULL SEQUENCE Banned Outright By The BBFC." Twitch. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://twitchfilm.com/2011/06/the-human-centipede-full-sequence-banned-outright-by-the-bbfc.html>.

-       Cashmore, Pete. "Will this new movie kill off torture porn for good?." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 28 Aug. 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/28/torture-porn-frightfest-quiz>.

-       Cochrane, Kira. "Is there a link between 'torture porn' and real sexual violence?." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 3 May 2007. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/may/03/letters.news>.

-       Ditum, Sarah. "Why The Human Centipede II bugs me." theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 7 June 2011. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/07/human-centipede-ii-horror-porn>.

-       Jones, Steve. "No Pain, No Gain: Strategic Repulsion and The Human Centipede." Cine-Excess Special Issue: Cult Controversies. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:72QEEmwfTkYJ:scholar.google.com/+%22human+centipede%22&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5>.

-       Malamuth, N. "The Effects Of Mass Media Exposure On Acceptance Of Violence Against Women: A Field Experiment*1." Journal of Research in Personality 15.4 (1981): 436-446. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0092656681900404. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.

-       Martin, Don, and Roger Clague. "Replies to The Effects of Media Violence on Society." Replies to The Effects of Media Violence on Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/295/5564/2377.short/reply#sci_el_426>.

-       "Media Violence Consumption Increases the Relative Risk of Aggression, Analysis Shows." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 Aug. 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120827130728.htm>.

-       Murray, Gabriella. "JUMP CUTA  REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY MEDIA." torture-porn text version. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc50.2008/TortureHostel2/text.html>.

-       Murray, Steven. "Horror Movies Help and Information." Horror Movies Help and Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.bellaonline.com/site/HorrorMovies>.

-       Oliver, M. B.. "Adolescents' Enjoyment Of Graphic Horror: Effects Of Viewers' Attitudes And Portrayals Of Victim." Communication Research 20.1 (1993): 30-50. http://crx.sagepub.com/content/20/1/30.short. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.

-       "Representation of Women in Horror Films." screampsychohorror. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://screampsychohorror.wordpress.com/representation-of-women-in-horror-films/>.

-       Siry, Lawrence. "6 Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 2012." 6 Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 2012. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mujlt6&div=23&id=&page=>.

-       "The Human Centipede (First Sequence) (2009)." The Human Centipede (First Sequence). N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/human_centipede/>.

-       "The Human Centipede -  IFC Entertainment." NextGEN Gallery RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.ifcfilms.com/films/human-centipede>.

-       "The New York Observer." The New York Observer  emThe Torturedem Leaves Audience Past PainThreshold Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://observer.com/2012/06/the-tortured-leaves-audience-past-pain-threshold/>.

-       "The Stranger." Real-life human centipede of one. (Or something. Whatever you want to call it, your brain is going to hate this.). N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2010/11/27/real-life-human-centipedeof-one-or-something-whatever-you-call-it-the-mind-reels&view=comments>.

-       Tookey, Christopher. "'One of the most repellent movies I have ever seen': Film critic Christopher Tookey on a worrying trend fuelled by lily-livered censors." Mail Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2246161/Human-Centipede-2-One-repellent-movies-I-seen-says-Christopher-Tookey.html>.

-       Tunzelmann, Alex. "Zero Dark Thirty's torture scenes are controversial and historically dubious." theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/jan/25/zero-dark-thirty-reel-history>.

-       ebert, Roger. "The Human Centipede." All Content. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-human-centipede-2010>.

Academic/Books/magazine

-       Attwood, Feona, and Clarissa Smith. "Extreme Concern: Regulating Dangerous Pictures In The United Kingdom." Journal of Law and Society 37.1 (2010): 171-188. Print.

-       "Censorship." Media Magazine: New Media Special Issue Apr. 2008: 57. Print.

-       "Effects of media violence." Media Magazine Sep. 2002. Print.

-       "Horror Monsters." Media Magazine: The Culture Issue Feb. 2011. Print.

-       Donnerstein, Edward I.. The Effects of aggressive-pornographic mass media stimuli. Madison, Wisc.: Dept. of Communication, University of Wisconsin, 1982. Print.

-       Jones, Steve. Torture Porn Popular Horror after Saw.. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Print.

-       Kahn, Paul W.. Sacred violence: torture, terror, and sovereignty. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008. Print.

-       Popular Communication 7.1 (2009): 40-48. Print.

-       Signorielli, Nancy. Violence in the media: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Print.

-       Eysenck, H. J., and D. K. B. Nias. Sex, violence, and the media. London: Temple Smith, 1978. Print.

-       Smith, Clarissa. "Pornographication: A Discourse For All Seasons." International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics 6.1 (2010): 103-108. Print.

-       "The Context of Conflict: Media representations of war." Media Magazine: The Reality Issue Dec. 2009. Print.

-       “The acceptable face of torture.” Media Magazine Apr. 2005. Print.

-       "The representation of sexual freedom." Media Magazine: Freedom Issue Apr. 2009. Print.

-       "Women in horror." Media Magazine: 'Politics' Issue Dec. 2011. Print.

-       Wood, Wendy, Frank Y. Wong, and J. Gregory Chachere. "Effects Of Media Violence On Viewers' Aggression In Unconstrained Social Interaction.." Psychological Bulletin 109.3 (1991): 371-383. Effects of media violence on viewers' aggression in unconstrained social interaction.. Web. 6 Jan. 2014.

-       "You think you know the story ... icons of horror in The Cabin in the Woods ." Media Magazine: Images and Icons, Horror Sep. 2012. Print.

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[1] Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence). Dir. Tom Six. Perf. Laurence R. Harvey, Ashlynn Yennie. Bounty Films, 2011. Film.

[2] Neil Cavuto, Eli Roth Fox News 07 Interview, 0:51-0:55

[3]  Berge Garabedian, Sitges 09 Interview, 3:55-4:30

[4] Tom Six Twitter Page https://twitter.com/tom_six

[5] Aston, James. "Introduction." To see the Saw movies essays on torture porn and post-9/11 horror. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2013. 3. Print.

[6] Representation of Women in Horror Films http://screampsychohorror.wordpress.com/representation-of-women-in-horror-films/

[7] Martin Daubney, ‘Porn on the brain’, Channel 4 documentary

[8] Gail Dines, ‘Pornland: How porn has hijacked our sexuality’ page 1:Preface

[9] Kira Cochrane, “Kira Cochrane on the rise of ‘torture porn’”, The Guardian article http://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/may/01/gender.world

[10] Abi, “EverydayMediaSexism.org.uk”

http://www.everydaymediasexism.org.uk/index.php/669-2013-11-25-20-14-33

[11] Angie Barry, “The cabin in the woods: Best horror movie in a decade?” http://www.criminalelement.com/blogs/2012/10/cabin-in-the-woods-the-best-horror-movie-in-a-decade-angie-barry-thriller-zombies-joss-whedon-film

[12] Ibid

[13] Ibid

[14] Sam Hatch, “Hostel part II review”, culture dogs, http://www.wwuh.org/program/culturedogs/reviews/sam reviews/hostelpartii.htm

[15] Ibid

[16] McLeod, S. A. (2011). Bobo Doll Experiment. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html

[17] Revision World post. http://revisionworld.co.uk/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-and-society

[18]R.L. Shaffer “The human Centipede [First Sequence] DVD Review, IGN. http://uk.ign.com/articles/2010/10/07/the-human-centipede-first-sequence-dvd-review

[19] Revision World post. http://revisionworld.co.uk/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-and-society

[20] Ibid

[21] June Kelly, “Rise in convictions for violence against women” BBC News, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18949533

[22] Lamar, “Effects of violence in horror films past and present” original quote by (Allen 2009) http://lamar82.hubpages.com/hub/Effects-of-Violence-In-Horror-Films-Past-and-Present

[23] Ibid

[24] Clare Simpson, “10 film scenes of astounding ultra violence”, whatculture.com blog post. http://whatculture.com/film/10-film-scenes-of-astounding-ultra-violence.php/10

[25] Ibid

[26] IMDB, Psycho (1960) Trivia http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054215/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv

[27] Ibid

[28] http://www.theweek.co.uk/film/50537/uk-film-censor-get-tougher-torture-porn-movies

[29] BBC News, ‘banned horror film gets 18 rating after cuts’ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-15203870

[30] BBFC http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/how-does-classification-work

[31] Ibid

[32] Mark Lawson, “The TV watershed: not in front of the children”, Guardian Article http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jun/08/tv-watershed-not-for-children?INTCMP=SRCH

[33] Ibid

[34] Ibid

[35] Hawkins, Ross. "Online pornography to be blocked by default, PM announces." BBC News. BBC, 22 July 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23401076.

[36]Glyptoteque, IMDB User Review of ‘The Human Centipede’ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1467304/reviews-156

[37] http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/broadcast-codes/broadcast-code/protecting-under-18s/

[38] Mic Wright. “A ‘watershed’ for the internet? People this stupid should not be making our laws.” http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/micwright/100009434/a-watershed-for-the-internet-people-this-stupid-should-not-be-making-our-laws/